The US Supreme Court’s holding in South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. (Wayfair) had sweeping impacts on businesses, specifically remote sellers, by introducing new or heightened sales and use tax obligations.
Following their enactment of Wayfair-related economic nexus legislation, most states enacted legislation impacting online marketplaces’ sales and use tax obligations. Marketplace facilitator laws were intended to help states’ tax authorities collect more sales tax from fewer entities. By mid-2020, 41 states had enacted economic nexus laws.
Wayfair and marketplace facilitator laws impact multiple parties in the distribution channel, including providers of the marketplace, sellers using the marketplace, customers purchasing goods and services on the marketplace, and third parties that deliver goods purchased on the marketplace. The impact of this legislation was felt by businesses across most industries and distribution channels.
Below learn about certain considerations facing marketplace facilitators in the retail, food, and beverage industries; marketplace facilitator laws in California, Texas, and Washington; and a list of certain items you can consider when assessing your company’s obligations under marketplace facilitator laws.
The definition of a marketplace facilitator varies by state. However, generally, a marketplace facilitator is an entity that uses its own physical or electronic marketplace to facilitate sales between third-party buyers and sellers.
Commonly known examples of marketplace facilitators are eBay, Etsy, and Amazon. The marketplace facilitator is generally an entity that provides services in the following categories:
Many states’ marketplace facilitator laws exclude certain businesses or industries from their definitions. For example, advertising services and payment processors are often omitted.
Marketplace facilitators face several challenges that can impact their ability to meet their obligations under states’ marketplace facilitator laws. The following isn’t a comprehensive list of issues, but it highlights certain key considerations for marketplace facilitators.
Many marketplace facilitators can’t collect and remit sales and use taxes because their systems aren’t capable of capturing the necessary data to comply with certain marketplace facilitator laws. Specifically, many marketplace facilitators have systems that lack the sophistication and complexity to determine the taxability of their marketplace sellers’ products and services in multiple jurisdictions.
Often, marketplace facilitators aren’t able to update their systems to comply with marketplace facilitator laws due to the costs of adopting and integrating new technology necessary to make the required tax determinations. These marketplace facilitators could face increased audit risk and out-of-pocket tax exposures because their systems don’t allow them to calculate and collect the correct sales and use tax.
Most tax legislation is specific to the state and local tax authorities that impose sales and use taxes. However, state and local tax authorities have provided very limited guidance on certain key considerations related to a marketplace facilitator’s rights and obligations under marketplace facilitator laws.
As a result, marketplace facilitators in certain states have difficulty complying with their obligations under marketplace facilitator laws, which are overly broad and lack inclusive definitions.
For example, a marketplace facilitator may lack sufficient information or transparency into a marketplace seller’s transactions, which prevent it from evaluating the taxability and appropriate tax rates for goods or services in a transaction. Also, the marketplace facilitator laws lack guidance on the components of the sales tax base, including whether certain service and delivery fees are subject to tax.
Many states have enacted marketplace facilitator laws that address issues and obligations other than the collections and remittance of sales tax. For example, a state’s marketplace facilitator law could:
The above items often vary by state and result in a requirement to understand the nuances of the tax law beyond merely collecting and remitting sales tax.
States continue to issue more-specific guidance about marketplace facilitator laws, and further clarification is potentially on the horizon. However, guidance from the tax authorities is currently limited. As a result, marketplace facilitators and sellers are left to interpret marketplace facilitator laws, which increases their audit risk and tax compliance costs.
Marketplace facilitator laws generally aren’t clear about the liability of a marketplace facilitator and marketplace seller for uncollected or unremitted sales or use tax.
In most states, marketplace facilitator laws don’t explicitly address whether the marketplace facilitator and marketplace sellers are jointly and severally liable for uncollected sales and use taxes, or if the marketplace facilitator is instead solely responsible for these taxes.
Due to this uncertainty, contractual relationships between these parties must address certain issues, including sharing of financial and tax information to comply with state tax law and information requests by state tax auditors as well as indemnifications for sales tax liabilities.
In certain states, marketplace facilitators are responsible for taxes other than sales and use taxes. For example, North Carolina requires marketplace facilitators to collect the scrap-tire disposal tax, white-goods disposal tax, dry-cleaning solvent tax, and the 911-service charge for prepaid wireless telecommunications service.
Other states—such as Indiana, Minnesota, North Dakota, Wisconsin, Utah, and Vermont—apply their marketplace facilitator laws by using a survey published by the Streamlined Sales Tax Governing Board. Depending on the state, a marketplace facilitator’s tax obligations can extend beyond sales and use taxes because of the guidance provided in this survey.
As a result, a marketplace facilitator faces additional costs to comply with marketplace facilitator laws because it must understand and address taxes other than sales and use taxes.
As of October 1, 2019, a marketplace facilitator is responsible for collecting and remitting California sales and use tax on retail sales made through their marketplace for delivery to customers within the state.
A marketplace facilitator is considered to facilitate sales for the seller’s products by:
California provides an exclusion for delivery-network companies that maintain a website or mobile application used to facilitate delivery services for the sale of local products—within a 75-mile range—between customer and merchant.
A local merchant is a third-party merchant, such as a restaurant, grocery store, or other retail store that:
California limits its marketplace facilitator law to tangible personal property.
Texas law defines a marketplace facilitator as a person who owns or operates a marketplace and directly or indirectly processes sales or payments for marketplace sellers.
Effective October 1, 2019, marketplace facilitators are required to:
In Texas, a marketplace facilitator may request a waiver so its tax responsibilities can be handled by the marketplace seller. Texas allows remote sellers to use a single local tax rate; however, this isn’t available to marketplace facilitators. While it’s been discussed, Texas hasn’t yet amended its marketplace laws to exclude delivery networks.
Washington’s marketplace facilitator definition is similar to California’s definition. Washington requires transmission of the offer between buyer and seller and requires the facilitator supply the transaction infrastructure. The marketplace facilitator must also provide payment processing and fulfillment, price setting and listing, order taking, and branding or customer service.
Washington provides an exclusion for marketplace facilitators that facilitate purchases for lodging at hotels or travel agency services, but the definition otherwise applies to taxes beyond sales and use taxes.
It’s important to consider the potential impacts of marketplace facilitator laws on your company’s operations to manage both costs and tax exposure. You can get started by determining if your company is subject to a particular state’s marketplace facilitator law. Key questions to consider in this determination are:
Next, entities that are marketplace facilitators in one or more states will need to:
To learn more about marketplace laws and how they could impact your business, contact your Moss Adams professional.